VEDIC CULTURE AND VEDIC LITERATURE OF INDIA (1500 BC - 600 BC)

Essentially the culture and custom of a nation relies on upon its authentic foundation. Old Vedic culture still proceeds in a few angles in India in light of the fact that the Indians are the successor of the Vedic occupants. The culture was separated in two unmistakable gatherings; Dravidians and Aryans. We know about the culture by two incredible sacred writings; Vedas and Upanishads which thoughtfully affected the advancement of cultures, customs and religious conviction of India. Vedic culture has proceeded from 1500 BC to 500 BC in the north and northwestern parts of India. This time period is separated into two sections - The Vedic period from 1500 BC to 1000 BC and the Later Vedic period from 1000 BC to 600 BC.

Vedas were said as Chaturvedas and it has four sections. Among them, Rig-Veda was the first organization of the Chaturvedas. It comprises of verse made out of religious psalms and most likely it acquired numerous components from pre-Vedic, normal Indo-Iranian culture. RigVedic Aryans have a considerable measure in the same way as the Andronovo culture and the Mitanni kingdoms and with right on time Iranians. The other three Vedas are Yajurveda, Samveda and Atharvaveda. The Yajurveda gives data about penances. The Samaveda is accepted to be the base of Indian Cultural Songs and Music. The Atharvaveda comprises of reasoning and records answer for everyday issues, tensions and challenges. It likewise incorporates data on Medicines and Herbals. Another literature was Upanishad which comprises of examinations on a few issues, for example, production of the universe, the nature of God, the inception of humankind.


Organization System

Vedic Aryans isolated their political reach in three units; Grama (town), Vis (sub space) and Jana (kingdom). A Grama was the littlest unit of this political framework and an accumulation of towns make a Vis or subdivision. Similarly various Vis assemble a kingdom. The pioneer of a town was called gramani and the Vish pioneer was called as Vishpati. A kingdom or Rashtra was ruled by a Rajan or ruler. The ruler was chosen by the assent and endorsement of individuals from an imperial gang. The real obligation of a ruler was to ensure the general population. The Soldiers by walking and on chariots, furnished with bow and bolt were basic. The lord involved spies and delivery people. He gathered duties from the general population which he needed to redistribute among the occupants.

Cows were held in high regard and as often as possible show up in Rigvedic songs; Agriculture developed more noticeable with time as the group step by step started to settle down in post-Rigvedic times. The economy depended on bargaining with cows and different assets, for example, salt or metals. Families were patrilineal, and individuals appealed to God for the wealth of children.


Vedic Religion

Vedic individuals take after the Hindu religion and a custom of Varna (class or standing) framework. Varna or Class framework separated the position of individuals. There were four class in Vedic culture; Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The position of the Brahmins and Kshatriyas was higher than the Vaishyas and Shudras. The Brahmins were had some expertise in making the holy messages and doing different sorts of ceremonies and they additionally went about as a cleric. The general population of imperial family were delegated Kshatriyas. They performed an instructing part in the public arena and kept up lawfulness. In the Early Vedic Period all the three high societies Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas were considered as moderately equivalent Aryan, however in the Later Vedic Age the Brahmins and Kshatriyas got to be privileged. The Vaishyas were merchants and ranchers or any kind of laborer however the Shudras were the lower class; they were untouchable for high society and were intended to serve the upper three classes.

Individuals worshiped numerous God and Goddess including the lord of the accompanying nature downpour, creature, earth, and so on. The principle gods of the Vedic pantheon were Indra Dev (ruler of God), Agni (the God of flame), and Soma and a few divinities of social request, for example, Mitra Varuna (lord of downpour), Aryaman and Amsa, further nature gods, for example, Surya (the God of Sun), Vayu (the God of wind), Prithivi (the God of earth).


The later Vedic period

The later Vedic period was stamped by appearance of agriculture as the overwhelming financial action. The late Vedic period was checked by the ascent of the sixteen Mahajanapadas alluded to in a percentage of the literature. The force of the ruler and the Kshatriyas significantly expanded. Rulers gave themselves titles like Ekarat, Sarvabhauma and Chakravartin. The rulers performed penances like Rajasuya, Vajapeya and for preeminent strength over different lords, the ashvamedha (horse penance).

RAHUL GANDHI- BIO

Rahul Gandhi is the child of former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Congress president Sonia Gandhi. Rahul and his more youthful sister, Priyanka have been in people in general eye since the day they were conceived as at the time their grandma Indira Gandhi was India's Prime Minister. Indeed their incredible granddad Jawaharlal Nehru was a prime minister of India, actually, the first.

Rahul examined in Modern School, New Delhi for some time and afterward went to St. Stephen's College (Delhi) where he did History Hons. After that he went to Harvard and afterward to London where he was a money related specialist. He came back to India in 1999 and was seen close by his mother, Sonia Gandhi throughout the 1999 Lok Sabha campaign.

Rahul has not been excessively in the general population eye, yet has constantly held a certain puzzler about him. The Indian open is constantly intrigued to take in the most recent data about him. He is still not wedded, however is said to have a Columbian better half. Rahul Gandhi and his sister Priyanka spoke to the media without precedent for January 2004 while touring Amethi, the supporters in Uttar Pradesh that has been spoken to by their father and is as of now spoken to by their mother. Rahul Gandhi and his sister, Priyanka went to Karachi and viewed the first ODI match between India and Pakistan in March 2004 and people in general in Pakistan were upbeat to see them. Their vicinity in the match turned out to be fortunes for India, it won. The mystery about whether Rahul Gandhi will enter animated governmental issues is currently over. On March 21, 2004 the Congress gathering proclaimed that Rahul Gandhi might be the Congress party's hopeful for the Lok Sabha seat from Amethi, at present spoke to by his mother, Sonia, who has moved her electorate to Rae Barelli.

Keywords:- Rahul Gandhi, Gandhi Family, Son of Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Congress Vice President

ANCIENT INDIA MYSTERY FACT: CONTRIBUTION OF INDIA TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Ancient India was a land of Sages, Saints and Seers as well as a Land of Scholars & Scientists. Ancient Indians contribution to Science and Technology include:

Mathematics “Vedic literature is replete with concepts of ZERO, the Techniques of Algebra and Algorithm, Square Root and Cube Root. Arguably, the Origins of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Leibnitz and Newton.

Astronomy “ Rig Veda (2000 BC) refers to Astronomy.

Physics “Concepts of Atom and Theory of Relativity were explicitly stated by an Indian Philosopher around 600 BC.

Chemistry “Principles of chemistry did not remain abstract but also found expression in Distillation of Perfumes, Aromatic Liquids, Manufacturing of Dyes & Pigments, and Extraction of Sugar.

Medical Science & Surgery “Around 800 BC, First Compendium on Medicine & Surgery was complied in Ancient India.

Fine Arts “Vedas were Recited and Recitation has to be correct, which gave rise to a finer study of Sound and Phonetics. The natural corollary was Emergence of Music and other forms of Performing Arts.

Mechanical & Production Technology “Greek historians have testified to Smelting of certain Metals in India in the 4th Century BC.

Civil Engineering & Architecture “The discovery of urban settlements of Mohenjodaro and Harappa indicate existence of Civil Engineering & Architecture, which blossomed to a Highly Precise Science of Civil Engineering & Architecture and found expression in innumerable monuments of Ancient India.

Shipbuilding & Navigation“Sanskrit and Pali Texts have several references to Maritime activity by Ancient Indians.

Sports & Games “Ancient India is the Birth Place of Chess, Ludo, Snakes & Ladders and Playing Cards.

ANCIENT INDIAN ACHIEVEMENTS

• Earliest known Precise Celestial Calculations: Aryabhata, an Indian Mathematician (c. 500AD) accurately calculated celestial constants like earth’s rotation per solar orbit, days per solar orbit, days per lunar orbit.

• Astronomical Time Spans: Apart from the peoples of the Mayan civilization, the ancient Hindus appear to be the only people who even thought beyond a few thousand years. Hindu scriptures refer to time scales that vary from ordinary earth day and night to the day and night of the Brahma that are a few billion earth years long.

• Theory of Creation of the Universe: A 9th century Hindu scripture, The Mahapurana by Jinasena claims that the world is uncreated, as time itself is, without beginning and end. And it is based on principles.

• Earth goes round the Sun: Aryabhata, it so happens, was apparently quite sceptical of the widely held doctrines about eclipses and also about the belief that the Sun goes round the Earth. As early as the sixth century, he talked of the diurnal motion of the earth and the appearance of the Sun going round it.

• Binary System of Number Representation: A Mathematician named Pingala (c. 100BC) developed a system of binary enumeration convertible to decimal numerals. He described the system in his book called Chandahshaastra. The system he described is quite similar to that of Leibnitz, who was born in the 17th century.

• Earliest and only known Modern Language: Panini (c 400BC), in his Astadhyayi, gave formal production rules and definitions to describe Sanskrit grammar. Starting with about 1700 fundamental elements, like nouns, verbs, vowels and consonents, he put them into classes. The construction of sentences, compound nouns etc. was explained as ordered rules operating on underlying fundamental structures.

• Invention of Zero: Although ancient Babylonians were known to have used what is often called “place holders” to distinguish between numbers like 809 and 89, they were nothing more than blank spaces or at times two wedge shapes like”. The first notions of zero as a number and its uses have been found in ancient Mathematical treatise from India.
• The word “Algorithm”: Al-Khwarizmi’s work, De numero indorum (Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning), was based presumably on an Arabic translation of Brahmagupta where he gave a full account of the Hindu numerals which was the first to expound the system with its digits 0,1,2,3,…,9 and decimal place value which was a fairly recent arrival from India. The new notation came to be known as that of al-Khwarizmi, or more carelessly, algorismi; ultimately the scheme of numeration making use of the Hindu numerals came to be called simply algorism or algorithm, a word that, originally derived from the name al-Khwarizmi.

• Representing Large Numbers: Mathematicians in India invented the base ten system in ancient times. But research did not stop there. The practice of representing large numbers also evolved in ancient India. notion of representing large numbers as powers of 10, one that was invented in India, turned out to be extremely handy.

FIRST PLASTIC SURGERY IN INDIA !

The first detailed description of plastic surgical procedures is found in the clinical text o

The first detailed description of plastic surgical procedures is found in the clinical text on Indian surgery, the 'Sushruta Samhita' (circa 600 B.C.). Atharva Veda, the root of Ayurveda , the classical text of Indian medical knowledge includes two seminal texts, Charaka Samhita on medicinal aspects and Sushruta Samhita which incorporates details of surgical tools and operative techniques. Sushruta wrote this treatise based on the lectures of his teacher, the famous surgeon king, Devadas ('incarnation of Dhanwantari , the divine physician). In fourth century A.D. Vagbhat , an Indian physician recounted the plastic surgical procedures with more details than provided in Sushruta Samhita. In his book,'Ashtanga Hridyans Samhita' he credits the techniques to Maharishi Atreya. It is interesting to find mention of plastic surgical procedures such as rhinoplasty, otoplasty, tissue grafting, organ transplants, transfer of embryo, cross-grafting of head and re-attachment of limbs etc. in these ancient Indian Medical Treatises and Puranic Literature.

This golden era of Hindu Surgery began its gradual decline from the time of Buddha (562- 472 B.C.). Buddhist scripture Mahavagga Jataka enforced strict prohibition on surgeons and Manusmriti prescribed special rituals for purification of surgeons. Contemporary teaching that time was basically medicinal i.e. Ayurveda, which forbade surgery, as contact with blood and pus was considered polluting. Hence, during this period, these great surgical skills were delegated to lower castes like 'Koomars' or potters who were known for their manual dexterity. They kept alive this valuable knowledge and passed it from father to son as a family secret. In fact India and Egypt are considered as the fountain-heads from which the stream of knowledge flowed to the middle east, eventually to reach Mediterranean civilization; the Greeks and the Romans. The ancient Indian medical knowledge was carried into Greece and Arabia by Buddhist Missionaries. The German, French and English surgeons were introduced to the older Indian method. During that period, certain German scholars who studied the original text in Sanskrit, British surgeons and French travelers, who saw for themselves the rhinoplasty operations performed in India, revealed the wonders and practical possibilities of this speciality to the Western world. It was, however, the discovery of anaesthesia (Morton, Long and Wells) and anti-sepsis (Lord Lister) which revolutionised the practice of surgery and made it painless and infection free.

Modern plastic surgery in India started after World War II. During the war, there were couple of British Maxillo-facial Surgery Units and a special mention was made about them by Mr. Tom Gibson (Canniesburn Hospital) at Bangalore and by Mr. E.W. Peet at Pune, during their visits to India. This kindled the interest in Plastic surgery among a few young Indian surgeons working then with the armed forces as "temporary commissioned officers". After the war, two of them i.e. Dr. C. Balakrishnan and Dr. R.N.Sinha specialised in Plastic Surgery, while Major Sukh continued his interest in the speciality as a pioneer in the field of plastic surgery at the Armed Forces Medical College and Hospital, Pune. There was no existence of plastic surgery as a recognised speciality in the country.The first independent Department of Plastic Surgery in the country was finally created at the M.C.Hospital, Nagpur, in 1958.